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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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XVII.—The Explanation of an apparent Anomaly outstanding in the Results of Measurement of Dissociation Pressures
- Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 40 / 1921
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 158-160
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- 1921
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In 1888 Tammann, applying a form of the gas current saturation method to the measurement of the dissociation pressures of salt hydrates, obtained results which were uniformly higher by from 2 to 5 per cent, than the results obtained by Frowein with the tensimeter. This anomalous behaviour was confirmed, in Nernst's laboratory, by Schottky, who reported that the initial dissociation pressures developed in tensimetric measurements were, in cited cases, higher than the equilibrium values. In 1911 Partington, re-studying certain of the facts, added further confirmation by the use of the gas current saturation method in a somewhat altered form.
XIII.—A Method for Determining the Molecular Weights of Dissolved Substances by Measurement of Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 31 / 1912
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 259-261
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- 1912
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Although various methods have from time to time been described for determining the molecular weights of dissolved substances by measurement, not of boiling-point elevation, but of the reduction of vapour pressure of a solvent due to the presence of a dissolved substance, none of these methods has come into general use. The method here proposed, operating on this principle, offers the possibility of simply determining the molecular weights of non-volatile solutes in any of the ordinary solvents with an accuracy at least equal to that of the ebullioscopic methods, and in an apparatus at least as easily manageable.
XXXV.—The Vapour Pressure of Dry Calomel
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 31 / 1912
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 519-520
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- 1912
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We have shown that calomel vapour contains no measurable amount of Hg2Cl2 or of HgCl, and consists wholly of the dissociation products, mercury and mercuric chloride. According to chemical theory, therefore, when, by the removal of all moisture, the dissociation is prevented, the vapour pressure of the dry substance should be equal only to the partial pressure of the undissociated molecules of the undried vapour; that is to say, it should be negligibly small. Brereton Baker, however, was able to measure the vapour density of such dry calomel, finding it to be almost double the ordinary density. Since the measurement was made by the V. Meyer method, at 445°, it follows that this dry calomel must have possessed a vapour pressure approximating, if not exceeding, one atmosphere.
IX.—A Quantitative Study of the Constitution of Calomel Vapour
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 31 / 1912
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 183-185
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- 1912
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The vapour density of calomel vapour corresponds to the formula HgCl or Hg + HgCl2. Odling showed, by amalgamation of gold-leaf, the presence of free mercury. Harris and V. Meyer separated mercury from the vapour by diffusion, and also showed that solid potassium hydroxide turned yellow (HgO) when plunged into the vapour. Diffusion might naturally increase the dissociation, and even a pure mercurous salt would certainly give mercuric oxide at 240–260°, since at that temperature mercurous oxide is unstable. The quantitative conclusion of these observers, namely, that the vapour is completely dissociated, therefore, was not in any way justified by their qualitative experiments, although it has been accepted by many chemists.
VIII.—A Dynamic Method for measuring Vapour Pressures, with its Application to Benzene and Ammonium Chloride
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 31 / 1912
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 179-182
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- 1912
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The simple “submerged bulblet” apparatus for determining vapour pressures, previously described in these Proceedings (vol. xxx. p. 437), may be modified to assume the form shown in fig. 1. The substance, solid or liquid, is placed in the bulb A of this dynamic isoteniscope. The advantages gained are, that the new apparatus may be used for high pressures, that the confining fluid (bulb B) is reduced in amount, and that the thermometer is inserted directly in the bath and its bulbis, is therefore, no longer in a region of varying pressures (Proc, p. 436).
XXVIII.—A Simple Dynamic Method for determining Vapour Pressures
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 437-439
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- 1910
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Vapour Pressures.—The submerged bulblet apparatus described in a preceding paper may readily be adapted to determining vapour pressures. The apparatus is unchanged, excepting that the lower part of the thermometer is enclosed in a test-tube containing a portion of the bath-liquid (fig. 1). The interior of the test-tube communicates, through the L-tube, with a gauge, with a pump, and with the atmosphere. The bath is brought to constancy at the required temperature with the pressure in the apparatus above the vapour pressure of the substance. The pressure is next lowered gradually until a continuous stream of bubbles issues from the capillary. Then the pressure is allowed to rise until the stream ceases. The details of manipulation and correction may be understood from the former paper without special description.
XXVII.—A Common Thermometric Error in the Determination of Boiling-Points under Reduced Pressure
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, p. 436
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- 1910
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When the bulb of a thermometer is enclosed in an evacuated vessel, the dilatation of the bulb introduces a considerable error in the temperature readings. This fact may be well known, but in the literature of boiling-point and vapour-pressure determinations we have observed no reference to it, and no corrections on account of it. Yet, except in the roughest work, this effect cannot be ignored. Thus, a test carried out with eleven thermometers showed that when the pressure round the bulb was lowered from 748 mm. to 20 mm. and thermal equilibrium with the bath had been recovered, the readings were from 0·10° to 0·17° lower. In all but one case, when there was a slight permanent dilatation, the change was constant and was a linear function of the change in pressure. The change bore no relation to the sizes of the bulbs. The thickness of the glass varied considerably, but could not, of course, be measured.
XXXVII.—The Vapour Pressures of Mercury
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 521-522
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- 1910
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An examination of the existing data of the vapour pressures of mercury shows that at the higher temperatures a most astonishing lack of precision characterises all the measurements. The existing tables, especially above 300°, are therefore completely untrustworthy, a fact which might be guessed from the disagreement between the values they give (see table below). Regnault made his measurements with the thermometer bulb completely immersed in 50 kilos of the violently “bumping” metal. Hence his results are much too high. Ramsay and Young's well-known values were based on observations at four points. The two lowest of these were original: one was the boiling-point, taken from discordant data of Regnault's; and one was a measurement of the pressure at the boiling-point of sulphur.
XXVI.— A Method for determining Boiling-Points under Constant Conditions
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 432-435
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- 1910
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A method for determining the boiling-points of solids as well as liquids, such that little material is required, and only constant, easily reproducible conditions are involved, is much needed. None of these qualities is possessed by the distilling flask method.
The apparatus suggested consists of a bulblet with a bent capillary not less than 1 mm. in diameter. This is attached to a thermometer and suspended in a beaker (fig. 1). The latter contains water (for substances boiling below 100°), sulphuric acid (up to 200°), melted paraffin (up to 280°), or a mixture of sodium and potassium nitrates (45·5, 54·5 parts) for use from 220° upwards. A stirrer is provided.
V.—A New Hydrate of Orthophosphoric Acid
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 63-64
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- 1910
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Our purpose was, by a systematic study of the solubilities concerned, to ascertain whether any hydrates of orthophosphoric acid, other than a semi-hydrate, 2H3PO4,H2O (Joly's hydrate), exist. The solubilities of phosphoric acid and Joly's hydrate at various temperatures had not previously been measured. Crystalline, anhydrous phosphoric acid and Joly's hydrate were prepared in pure form. The solid was stirred in a thermostat with water until equilibrium was reached at each temperature, and the concentration of the solution was determined. The diagram (fig. 1) shows the results. AB is the curve of solubilities of Joly's hydrate from −16° to 29·35°, its melting point. BC contains the melting points of Joly's hydrate, depressed by phosphoric acid.
XXXVIII.—A Static Method for Determining the Vapour Pressures of Solids and Liquids
- Alexander Smith, Alan W. C. Menzies
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- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 30 / 1910
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- 15 September 2014, pp. 523-528
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- 1910
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The apparatus to be described was developed from the submerged bulblet apparatus, a description of which was recently published in these Proceedings (vol. xxx. p. 487).
The Isoteniscope, Bath, and Stirrer.—The substance is placed in the spherical bulb (20 mm. in diameter). The confining fluid, which, when a liquid is being investigated, is the same material as the substance, occupies the lower part of the ∪-tube (fig. 1). The whole instrument, which we have called the Static Isoteniscope, is 24 cm. long. It is suspended, along with the thermometer and mechanical stirrer, in a tall 2-litre beaker, containing a suitable bath liquid. When the substance is a solid, then the ∪-tube is charged with mercury, melted paraffin, a fusible alloy, or a molten salt or mixture of salts. To secure steadiness and equal distribution of temperature, a cylindrical glass screen (cut from a broken beaker) surrounds the bath, and a very active stirring arrangement is used.